.The public domain consists of all the to which no rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable.As examples, the works of and, and most early silent films, are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by copyright, and are therefore in the public domain—among them the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created prior to 1974. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver); some examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, the image-processing software ImageJ, (created by the National Institutes of Health), and the CIA's World Factbook. The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as 'under license' or 'with permission'.As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another.

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Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the ' or ', including concepts such as the 'commons of the mind', the 'intellectual commons', and the 'information commons'. Own copy of his, with hand-written corrections for the second editionDefinitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to this definition underlines common usage of the term public domain and equates the public domain to and works in copyright to. However, the usage of the term public domain can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to rights and limitation on ownership.

A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: 'it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression'. Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a 'territory', but rather as a concept: 'There are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival.' The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the ' or ', including concepts such as the 'commons of the mind', the 'intellectual commons', and the 'information commons'. Public domain by medium. This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( April 2018) Public domain books A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited.In most countries the of copyright lasts until January first, 70 years after the death of the latest living author.

The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published prior to 1924 is in the public domain; American copyrights last for 95 years for books written between 1924 and 1978.For example: the works of, and are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.makes tens of thousands of public domain books available online as.Public domain music. Main article:People have been creating music for millennia. The first system, the system, was created 4000 years ago. Introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th Century.

Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.U.S. Copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation and/or lyrics created by a composer and/or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published prior to 1922 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing.The project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.

Main article:A public-domain film is a that was released to public domain by its author or because its has expired. In 2016 there are more than 2,000 films on public domain in every genre, from musicals to romance, horror to animated movies and noir to western movies.

Main article:Derivative works include, and of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with 's novel, which became public domain in the U.S. In 1987 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as 's and 's.

Marcel Duchamp's is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. Perpetual copyright. Main article:Some works may never fully lapse into the public domain. 'The proposed in 2010 the (PDM) as to indicate that a work is free of known restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is analogous to the, which acts as. The databases use it, and for instance on the in February 2016 2.9 million works (10% of all works) are listed as PDM.

Application to copyrightable works Works not covered by copyright law The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see ). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, and the inventions of are in the public domain.

Main article:An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a licence which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ('). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain.

In 2000 the was released as a public domain like. In 2009 the released the, which was created for with law domains which have no concept of dedicating into public domain. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fall-back all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible.

The, published around 2010, has a focus on an message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fall-back public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution.In October 2014 the recommends the Creative Commons license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data. Main article:In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the text and any illustration within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the 'personality' of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the patent rights just mentioned.Trademarks A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it.

In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without regard for its intended use, it could become, and therefore part of the public domain.Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug 'acetylsalicylic acid' (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, 'Aspirin', with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company, while aspirin, with a lowercase 'a', is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the.

So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.Bayer also lost the trademark in the same jurisdictions for 'Heroin' which it trademarked a year before it trademarked Aspirin. Although resigned itself to genericide, it has fought attempts by other companies to register ' as a. Public Domain Day. An English logo of the 2018/2019 Public Domain Day in PolandPublic Domain Day is an observance of when expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual.The observance of a 'Public Domain Day' was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed.

As of 1 January 2010 a Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day.See also.

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